A Comparison of Hydrogen Threshold Concentrations Associated with Electron Acceptors Used by Strain 2CP-C
R. A. Sanford*
University of Illinois

H2-threshold concentrations are used as indicators of the predominant electron acceptor being used in the groundwater. This is only true if H2 is a universal electron donor. The objective of this project is to compare threshold concentrations in the presence and absence of acetate associated with the utilization of O2, NO3, fumarate and 2-chlorophenol by bacterial strain 2CP-C. It is expected that the H2-threshold concentrations will be determined by the available energy associated with the reduction of the different electron acceptors. The presence of acetate oxidation, however, could artificially raise the threshold concentration by leading to H2 generation.

Acetate and Succinate as Electron Donors for Reductive Dechlorination-Alternatives to H2
R. A. Sanford,* A. R. Swanson, F. Loffler
University of Illinois; Georgia Institute of Technology

Recently it has been suggested that H2 is the most important electron donor for the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) by dechlorinating anaerobic bacteria. The objectives of this project are to demonstrate the importance of alternative electron donors for dechlorination, such as acetate and succinate. It has been found that the PCE-utilizing strain BB1 is unable to use H2; however, both acetate and succinate are readily used by this culture. The 2-chlorophenol dechlorinating strain 2CP-C also uses acetate. This research will identify threshold concentrations for these electron donors and will provide important data for designing anaerobic bioremediation processes for groundwater.

Adsorption/Desorption Cycling of Carbon Fiber Adsorber-Cryogenic System
M. J. Rood,* P. Sullivan, D. Ramirez, M. Onyszko
U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, DACA88-99-M0155

The ability of air quality control systems to capture and recover gaseous pollutants instead of destroying the pollutants is dependent on costs required to concentrate the pollutant to a sufficient concentration to make it reusable. This project is developing a new sorption-condensation system that captures dilute gaseous pollutants, regenerates the material used to capture the pollutant, and recovers the pollutant in a concentrated form for reuse in the process that generated the pollutant.

Aerosol Light Scattering and Related Properties at Climate-sensitive Sites (ACE-2)
M. J. Rood,* C. M. Carrico, M. Mulhern, M. Onyszko
National Science Foundation, ATM 96-10051, ATM 96-10051 REU; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, COM NA76GP029

The Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) includes measurements taken from ground, ship, satellite, and aircraft to characterize the influence of European and North African aerosol on climate. The primary objective of this research is to provide in situ rapid-response experimental and modeled results describing the ambient aerosols' light-scattering properties at Sages, Portugal, as part of ACE-2. Results from this research can serve as input to global-scale climate models that predict radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosol. These predictions can then be used to establish policies related to anthropogenic aerosols and their effects on climate.

An Assessment of Natural Chlorinated Compounds and Anaerobic Dechlorination Activity in Regional River Sediments
R. A. Sanford,* K. Y. Leung
University of Illinois

Microbial-mediated reductive dechlorination is a common process in anaerobic ecosystems. A number of anaerobic dehalogenating bacteria have been isolated from pristine river sediment environments leading to the hypothesis that natural chlorinated compounds in the sediments are used as electron acceptors by novel microorganisms. The objectives of the research are to demonstrate the presence of natural halogenated compounds from local stream sediments in Illinois and to characterise the microbial halorespiration capacity in those sediments. Data from this study will establish the existence of a novel biogeochemical cycle involving halogenated compounds and may force a reassessment of their environmental impact on ecosystems.

Analysis of a Preliminary Data Set Describing Size-segregated Concentrations of Carbonaceous and Sulfate Aerosols
S. M. Larson,* A. Dillner
University of Illinois

Size-segregated samples of ambient aerosols will be analyzed for concentrations of elemental and organic carbon and sulfates, providing new insights on climatic effects of aerosol paticles and on measurement of carbonaceous aerosols. Over 700 filter and impactor samples will be collected in the study, characterizing the ambient aerosol in 8 size ranges below 10 mm over a summer period. We will compare methods of measuring elemental carbon, including one developed in this project and investigate the physical, optical, and forcing properties of carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols.

Biological Treatment of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Other Related Compounds at a Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Plant
M. J. Rood,* R. Sanford,* L. Raskin,* J. Chee-Sanford, J. Li
Abbott Laboratories, Inc.

Manufacturing of pharmaceutical products produces waste streams that need treatment before they are discharged to the ambient environment. Of particular interest is the wastewater that can contain hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Pending regulations developed by the USEPA will require 95% by mass removal efficiency of the HAPs by biological treatment. Material balances of specific compounds at wastewater treatment facilities are needed to determine the removal efficiencies of HAPs and other related compounds. This project is completing detailed material balances for HAPs and related compounds at a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant to determine the biological removal efficiency of those pollutants.

Bromate Formation and Control during Ozonation of Low-Bromide Waters
R. A. Minear,* B. Marinas,* M. Urban
Montgomery-Watson, Inc.; American Water Works Association Research Foundation

An orthogonal matrix of experiments is directed at determining the critical factors in minimizing the formation of bromate in low-bromide-containing waters. Variations in temperature, pH, ammonia content, and a radical scavenger, ethanol, are being studied for a range of ozone doses and contact times that coincide with requirements for the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts. The associated disinfection by-products resulting from the treatment and water quality variations are being examined as well.

Calculation of Optical Depths from Ground-based Pollutant Measurements and Comparison to Measured Data
S. M. Larson,* A. Schnapp
University of Illinois

Optical depth is a measure of the amount of light transmitted through the atmosphere and is calculated using a vertical profile of concentrations of particles (aerosols) and gases that absorb and scatter light. The optical depth parameter is important in evaluating potential for climate change resulting from air pollution. In this project, we hypothesize vertical profiles of aerosols, based on point measurements made on the ground (at the Bondville, Ill., measurement site), and calculate the resulting aerosol optical depth. The modeled values are compared to measured data in order to determine a representative vertical profile for aerosols in the area.

Carbon Monoxide Analysis for Highway Projects
S. M. Larson,* F. Coleman, S. Peters, P. Gollapalli, A. Schnapp
Illinois Transportation Research Center

A screening model is often a first step in analyzing potential air pollution problems, utilizing readily available data to make a conservative estimate of a source contribution to ambient pollutant concentrations. A more sophisticated model can be subsequently applied, if the screening model indicates its necessity. The screening model approach is not currently used for highway projects in Illinois but could make the procedure for CO analysis for highways more efficient. In this project, screening and refined CO models for highway projects will be studied and validated. An acceptable CO screening model for Illinois highway projects will then be developed.

Center for Analysis, Assessment, and Mitigation of Regional Impacts from Climate Change
D. J. Wuebbles* (Atmos. Sci.), K. P. Donaghy, J. W. Eheart, E. E. Herricks
Campus Critical Research Initiatives Program

This project will establish a center that will advance analysis and modeling tools to assess and mitigate regional impacts from climate change. The center will have the capacity to integrate modeling results into regular local decision making through two decision support systems, one emphasizing urban settings, the second emphasizing rural settings. Research teams have been assembled to advance our understanding of local impact; initial projects address aerosol modeling, ecological impact, economic adaptation, effects of scale, and extreme events. The center will provide campus coordination in regional impact assessment, and the capacity to integrate impact analyses with climate change modeling and policy development.

Characterization of Scales in the Chicago Water Distribution System
V. L. Snoeyink,* P. Sarin, K. Jim, J. Bebee, W. Kriven
City of Chicago, Ill.

The objective of this project is to determine the chemical composition of scales that have been found on cement-mortar-lined distribution pipes, to determine the effect of these scales on the hydraulic properties of the distribution system, and to determine ways to control the formation of this scale. The approach involves use of energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine elemental composition and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine chemical structure. A pipe-loop system will also be used to determine how the scales form and how they can be prevented.

Characterization of the Microbial Community Colonizing an Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor Treating TNT Using Molecular Techniques
R A. Sanford,* S. Oh, L. Raskin, N. Adrian
University of Illinois; U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories

Two anaerobic fluidized-bed reactors, one with TNT and the other without, have been monitored continuously since January. Our objective is to characterize the microbial community in each reactor and identify the responsible organisms that are degrading TNT. RNA extractions from both reactors are currently being used for a membrane hybridization analysis which will determine the relative activities of different groups of microorganisms by using group specific DNA probes that target the 16S rRNA. PCR based methods will be used to further characterize the communities in these reactors. As a result better anaerobic treatment systems for pink water will be designed.

Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry
S. M. Larson,* Z. Tao, D. J. Wuebbles (Atmos. Sci.)
U of I Critical Research Initiative

Changes in climate could alter rates of chemical reactions, paths of pollutant transport, and degree of pollutant removal. Emissions of pollutants may be indirectly impacted by climate variations due to adaptations, which, for example, change the amounts of fossil fuel burned. We seek to predict the effects of climate change on the regional atmospheric environment. Objectives include outlining a suite of climate change scenarios describing alterations in meteorological and emission parameters for selected regions in the Midwest, determining resulting equilibrium ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants, and evaluating changes in compliance status and adaptation needs.

Colloidal and Macromolecular Transport in Thin Layers Near Microporous Membrane Surfaces
M. M. Clark,* K. Howe; P. Aimar, P. Bacchin, and C. Guigui (CNRS)
University of Illinois; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France

The objective of this U of I-CNRS collaboration is to better understand the dynamics of thin, concentrated, particulate, and macromolecular boundary layers near membrane surfaces and the interaction of colloidal particles and organic molecules with synthetic membranes. This work includes modeling of mechanics of concentrated particle or colloidal suspensions near porous membrane surfaces and incorporation of these models in an overall model of mass transport in membrane separation processes.

Competitive Sorption of Volatile Organics in Model and Natural Solids
C. J. Werth,* J. Li
National Science Foundation, BES 9803563

Laboratory studies have been conducted to characterize mass transfer limitations in the subsurface. In most cases, mass transfer rates for single sorbates were measured in an attempt to characterize mass transfer limitations in the field. However, mixtures of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are often present in the field, both as the source of contamination and as transformation products from biodegradation. The objective of this project is to determine the effects of chemical mixtures on mass transfer in geosorbent (i.e., soil and sediment) aggregates.

Constructed Wetland Response to Dynamic Loading of Pollutants
E. E. Herricks,* J. D. Eppich
University of Illinois; Village of Homewood, Ill.

Constructed wetlands are used as a best management practice for stormwater quality control. These stormwater wetlands present new design challenges to both engineers and ecologists. For engineers, stormwater wetlands are open systems with indeterminant design elements. To ecologists, they are artificial systems that may or may not respond as natural wetlands to pollutant loading. This research explores the response of constructed stormwater wetlands to dynamic loading typically associated with urban stormwater runoff. The objective is the use of experimental wetlands to identify fundamental processes associated with water quality control in these modified ecosystems. The effects of a heavy metal (Zn) has been evaluated, and studies continue of a biofiltration wetland system.

Controlling Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water Supply for Small Communities
B. J. Marinas,* J. L. Rennecker, S. A. Rubin, K. M. Ruffell
Illinois Water Resources Center

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are highly resistant to inactivation by disinfectants primarily because the mass transfer of these reactive molecules suffers retardation due to a combiation of low diffusivity and high reactivity within the oocyst wall prior to reaching the sporozoites. However, oocysts have a tendency to excyst, fully or partially, in water samples because of certain changes in environmental conditions, thus exposing the more vulnerable sporozoites to disinfectants. The objective of this project is to investigate oocyst excystation trigger processes, with the ultimate goal of developing a cost-effective treatment strategy for providing safe drinking water to small communities using surface water. The strategy under consideration includes three steps: excystation trigger, holding pond retention, and disinfection.

Cost-Effective Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring Design
B. S. Minsker,* A. J. Valocchi, D. E. Goldberg, P. M. Reed, B. M. Schmidt
Illinois Water Resources Center; U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

During groundwater remediation, monitoring wells must be sampled to track the progress of remediation. Large, complex sites may have hundreds of monitoring wells that were installed for site characterization and long-term sampling from all of these wells can cost millions of dollars per year. The objective of this project is to develop a methodology for designing cost-effective long-term monitoring plans and to demonstrate the methodology's capabilities by applying it at a field site. The method combines three primary components: a groundwater fate-and-transport simulation, several plume interpolation techniques, and a genetic algorithm to search for effective sampling plans.

Cost-Effective Risk-based Corrective Action Design for Contaminated Groundwater
B. S. Minsker,* D. E. Goldberg, G. Gopalakrishnan
National Science Foundation, BES 9903889

Given the scope of contamination of U.S. groundwater and the vast amount of money involved in corrective action, improved risk management and remediation design is a critical need. In this project, a risk management model is being developed to investigate relationships between human health risk and corrective action design under conditions of uncertainty. The methodology combines a noisy genetic algorithm, which searches for cost-effective corrective action plans, with a flow and transport model called RT3D and a human health exposure risk assessment module. Theoretical advancements for improving computational efficiency of the model will also be investigated.

Dependence of Ambient Aerosol Light Scattering on Controlled Relative Humidity at Bondville, Ill.
M. J. Rood,* K. E. Winter, P. Kus
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, COM 40ABNR801144

Global-climate models have shown that ambient aerosols resulting from human-related activities have the same degree of influence on climate but of opposite sign when compared to greenhouse gases. Uncertainties in the climate models need to be reduced so that results from these models can be used to formulate better policies related to human activities and climate change. Ambient aerosols are being measured on a continuous basis at Bondville, Ill., a polluted regional site, at carefully controlled relative humidity conditions to provide inputs with less uncertainties into these climate models.

Determination of Growth Kinetics for the Anaerobic PCE Dechlorinating Desulfuromonas str. BB1
R. A. Sanford,* R. A. Brennan
University of Illinois

Growth kinetic data are nonexistent for PCE dechlorinating anaerobic microorganisms. Our objectives are to determine the growth kinetics of these cultures and to determine the response of these microorganisms to NAPL PCE. The experimental approach uses a novel Tenax/aqueous culture system that allows for the manipulation of steady-state concentrations of PCE and the removal of chlorinated products that may have a toxic effect on growth. Currently we have collected data using Desulfuromonas str. BB1. These data will be useful for determining possible strategies needed for designing active in situ bioremediation systems.

Development and Characterization of UF Membranes and Relation of Membrane Properties to Adsorptive Fouling
M. M. Clark,* Y. Lee, Y. Wang, C. Combe, M. Kumar, K. Howe, K. Kim
National Water Research Institute; University of Illinois; Lyonnaise des Euax in collaboration with Separation Systems Technology

The objectives of this project are to: cast UF membranes from various polymer formulations, modify membrane surfaces to create different charge, roughness, porosity, and hydrophobicity, examine membrane surfaces with classic and emerging tools from materials and surface chemistry (AFM, ATR-FTIR, XPS, streaming potential, contact angle), study the adsorption of natural organic materials on the membranes, model adsorption and membrane fouling, and understand what physical-chemical characteristics of membranes and solutions are most important in membrane fouling. Significant development of surface analysis methods is also envisaged.

Development of Ozone Contactor Model for Bromate Formation and C. parvum Oocyst Disinfection
B. J. Marinas,* R. A. Minear,* J. Kim, M. A. Urban
Montgomery-Watson, Inc.; American Water Works Association Research Foundation

The objective of this project is to develop a model that will allow the overall optimization of ozone contactor design and operating mode to achieve maximum C. parvum oocyst disinfection efficiency and minimum bromate formation with natural waters of various qualities containing low bromide concentrations. Ozone contactors are commonly comprised of one or more transfer chambers in which ozonated gas is diffused into water followed by several reactive chambers where additional inactivation and corresponding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation takes place. Modeling the disinfection and DBP formation efficiencies taking place in these constactor chambers requires taking into consideration hydrodynamics, gas transfer, and reaction kinetics.

Development of Red Water Control Strategies
V. L. Snoeyink,* P. Sarin, D. Lytle, K. Jim, J. Bebee, W. Kriven
American Water Works Association Research Foundation

The objective of this research is to determine the mechanisms of red water production in drinking water distribution systems and to develop strategies for controlling this problem. The study involves use of small-scale pipe loops in the University of Illinois laboratory to which water with different qualities is applied. Important parameters are pH variation, neutral salt concentration variation, and the concentration of inhibitors, such as orthophosphate. Short-term tests are being developed to show how existing layers of corrosion products on pipes react to produce red water, and procedures for chemically conditioning the scales so that red water does not form will be established.

Development of Risk Assessment Factors and Review of Wildlife Hazard Abatement Systems
E. E. Herricks,* P. Mankin, R. Warner, D. J. Schaeffer, M. Bergner, B. Brown
FAA Center of Excellence for Airport Pavement Research

This research is conducted in support of a continuing FAA program of research and development directed at airport safety technologies that will decrease aircraft damage and the risk of human fatalities or injuries by reducing bird and wildlife strikes near airports. The objectives of this research are to develop risk assessment factors for airports, and review the U.S. Air Force Aerial Hazard Abatement System (AHAS) to evaluate AHAS in relation to FAA needs in wildlife hazard abatement.

Development of an Integrated Scientific and Technological Framework for Stream Naturalization
B. L. Rhoads,* M. Garcia, E. E. Herricks, D. Wilson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

The watershed approach to environmental management emphasizes that decision making should occur at the level of local communities. This requires an integrated scientific and community-based framework for decision making-a social and scientific enterprise referred to as naturalization. Naturalization involves a recursive interplay between a community's vision of the stream and the scientific/technical perspective on what the streams can realistically become to achieve the community's vision. This research will explore naturalization programs, integrating both the technical/scientific and social aspects of community-based watershed management. Three watersheds in Illinois are the focus of a three-year research effort initiated in 1998.

Direct Comparative Genotoxicity Assessment of Disinfection By-Product (DBP) Mixtures in Drinking Water Generated from Different Disinfection Processes
R. Minear,* M. Plewa,* S. Echigo
American Water Works Association Research Foundation

A study is proposed in which a novel assay is coupled with a more traditional assay to evaluate the genotoxicity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and DBP mixtures. Chlorine (the traditional water treatment disinfectant), ozone (an alternative disinfectant/oxidant), and the sequence of ozone plus chlorine in addition to chloramination and chlorine dioxide treatment methods will be examined. Simple and complex DBP mixtures, produced from chlorination, ozonation, or coupled ozonation/chlorination and chloramination and chlorine dioxide treatments, will be created from a NOM standard (SRFA) containing water. The assays will be augmented by a database created to represent an occurence assessment of regulated/soon-to-be regulated DBPs.

Direct Radiative Forcing of Climate by Anthropogenic Aerosol Particles
M. J. Rood,* C. M. Carrico
National Science Foundation, INT 98-18402 TVL

Quantifying the ability of anthropogenic aerosol particles to perturb the earth's climate is a complex and interdisciplinary task. Such characterization is important so that we can better understand how humans are influencing the earth's climate, that could cause changes in heating, precipitation, cloud formation patterns for the earth's atmosphere. This project will allow collaboration with international researchers that have unique capabilities that are not readily available in the U.S. Results from this collaboration can then be used to better quantify the effects of human activity on climate.

Effect of Activated Carbon Pore Structure and Surface Chemistry on the Adsorption of Trace Compounds from Natural Waters
V. L. Snoeyink,* C. Pelekani
University of Illinois

Several different types of activated carbon and activated carbon fibers with a wide range of pore size distributions and surface chemistries are used to study competitive adsorption. The objective is to determine the relative importance of the physical characteristics of the pores in comparison to the surface chemistry of the activated carbon for removal of compounds, such as atrazine and earthy musty-odor-causing compounds, that are found in drinking water supplies. The research is expected to lead to a better understanding of the desirable properties of activated carbon for trace compound removal.

Effects of Concentration and Equilibration Time on Contaminant Transport
C. J. Werth,* K. Hansen
University of Illinois

Previous investigators have shown that the magnitude and rate of slow desorption are affected by both the highest concentration sediments are exposed to and the equilibration time. In the subsurface, contaminant concentrations are variable and thus, groundwater sediments are exposed to varying concentrations for varying amounts of time. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of concentration and equilibration time on tailing behavior in a groundwater plume.

Effects of Temperature on NAPL Dissolution Using Micromodels
C. J. Werth,* C. Chomsurin
University of Illinois

The objective of this study is to improve fundamental understanding of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) dissolution in natural porous matrices and the associated effects of temperature. To accomplish this objective, we will use micromodels to measure DNAPL entrapment and dissolution as a function of temperature. Micromodels are a two-dimensional representation of a porous matrix etched into a silicon wafer and geochemically modified by the addition of an oxide surface.

Efficient Parallelization of a Risk Management Model on the NT Supercluster
B. S. Minsker,* D E. Goldberg, E. Moosbrugger
National Center for Supercomputing Applications Faculty Fellow Program; University of Illinois

Methods for efficiently implementing a risk management model on a distributed cluster of commodity computers are being investigated. The model combines a noisy genetic algorithm, which searches for cost-effective corrective action plans, with a flow and transport model called RT3D and a human health exposure risk assessment module. Commodity computers were chosen because the ultimate users of the model will be practitioners and government regulators, who may not have access to massively parallel supercomputers. The research will investigate both single- and multiple-population approaches to genetic algorithm parallelization, exploring innovative methods that should simultaneously improve computational efficiency of the model.

Environmental Management Curriculum Development for the LEAD Program
E. E. Herricks,* P. Cabot, H. H. Chu, M. Perez
LEAD Program, Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Partnership Illinois

The objective of this project is the development of materials that will be used in an environmental management curriculum component for the Leadership Enhancement and Development (LEAD). LEAD is an interactive course in municipal government leadership, where participants receive specialized training in leadership development, problem solving, strategic thinking, media relations and developing a municipal vision and agenda. The environmental curriculum will be developed based on interviews with municipal officials who, with their staff, will assist in identification of environmental issues and corresponding case examples of how those issues were addressed.

Evaluation of Uncertainties in Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Forcing Using In Situ Measurements at the Surface
M. J. Rood,* J. A. Ogren,* D. S. Covert,* P. Sheridan,* P. Kus
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, COM 40RANR900971

The accuracy of climate-change predictions is closely linked to the availability of measured aerosol parameters associated with direct radiative forcing. Derivation of results describing aerosol radiative forcing from satellite observations requires assumptions about the properties of the aerosol particles. Tropospheric aerosol properties measured under in situ conditions and at regional aerosol monitoring stations will be used with the NASA aerosol climatology processing facility to test the sensitivity of candidate satellite data retrieval algorithms to observed variations of aerosol properties. Results from this research will allow better quantification of uncertainties associated with satellite retrievals of aerosol properties.

Genotoxicity and Occurrence Assessment of Disinfection By-Product Mixtures in Drinking Water
R. A. Minear,* M. J. Plewa,* S. Echigo
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R825956-01

Representative drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) will be produced from organic matter isolated from a series of representative source waters used for drinking water supplies using both chlorination and ozonation in laboratory reactors under a range of disinfection conditions. Selective conditions will allow differential evaluation of brominated DBPs via ozonation of bromide-containing waters and also provide information on the relationship of toxicity to DBP molecular weight. Bulk DBPs will be analyzed for toxicity and mutation induction in S. typhimurium using a suspension test ? S9. The same DBPs will be analyzed with transgenic Chinese hamster lung cells ? S9 using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) method to detect direct genomic DNA damage.

Getting Public Guidance on Environmental Aspects of Stormwater Control
E. E. Herricks,* R. Liebert,* P. Cabot
Partnership Illinois Seed Grant Program

Stormwater ordinances now require local control of stormwater, typically in small detention ponds. The design of these ponds follows common engineering practice, but the proliferation of ponds, and an increase in residential applications, suggests that engineering designs should also consider a community context and aesthetics. This research will develop a protocol for the improved design of stormwater detention facilites. A major focus of this protocol will be the inclusion of a community context in initial design considerations and guidance for the appropriate selection of aesthetic elements for a community context.

Influence of Aerosol Light Scattering on Climate at a Remote Marine Site (ACE-1)
M. J. Rood,* C. Carrico
National Science Foundation, ATM-9418376

There are numerous aspects of the global environment that need to be better characterized to better understand how our environment is changing. The effect of aerosol particles on the atmospheric radiative energy balance at a remote marine site is one area that needs better characterization. The primary objective of this research is to characterize climatically relevant ambient aerosol properties at Cape Grim, Tasmania. Cape Grim is an ideal location to study a southern hemispheric remote marine environment. Information gained from such research can provide valuable input to currently existing global climate models, which in turn can provide better insight into how to develop policies related to global warming.

Integrated Approach for the Control of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water Treated with Ozone and Chloramines
B. J. Marinas,* R. A. Minear,* H. Lei, J. Kim
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STAR Grant Program, EPA R826830-01-0

The overall goal of this project is to develop process design recommendations for the simultaneous control of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in natural waters treated with ozone and chloramines. Experimental tasks are designed for the simultaneous study of C. parvum oocyst inactivation and selected DBP (bromate, formaldehyde, and cyanogen halides) formation in natural waters treated with ozone and chloramines in various reactor configurations. An integrated predictive model will be developed, calibrated with experimental results, used to determine optimum process design, and verified in full-scale systems using fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres as surrogate indicators for C. parvum oocysts.

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change Impact in the Mackinaw River Watershed, Illinois
E. E. Herricks,* J. W. Eheart,* K.P. Donaghy, B. Orland, P. Cabot, H. H. Chu
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STAR Research Program

This research will complete an integrated assessment of multiple sector impacts produced by predicted changes in climate using models and innovative analysis tools applied to Mackinaw River watershed. The consequences of climate change and climate variability on human and natural systems will be developed using site and sector response spectra that support a severity determination for an impact assessment. The research has three phases: #1 will identify climate change phenomena, #2 will identify local impact of climate change with particular emphasis on economic, environmental, and social impact aggregations, and #3 will implement a web-based decision support system.

Investigation of Pore-Scale Processes which Affect Soil Vapor Extraction
A. J. Valocchi,* C. J. Werth, A. Webb (Elect. & Comput. Engr.)
U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Science Management Program

Research proposed here aims to elucidate the pore-scale processes which limit the removal of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) components from the vadose zone. Specific objectives are to determine the effect of unswept zones, determine the effect of retarded vapor phase transport, and determine the effect of interphase mass transfer, all as a function of changing moisture and DNAPL content. We propose to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to observe and quantify the location and size of individual pores containing DNAPL, water, and vapor in flow through columns filled with model and natural sediments. Imaging results will be used in conjunction with innovative modeling techniques to develop spatially and temporally dependent constitutive relations which describe the transient distribution of phases inside a column experiment.

Measurement of Kinetic Parameters for Reductive Dechlorination of Chloroethenes
R. A. Sanford,* A. R. Swanson, R. A. Brennan
University of Illinois

The kinetics of tetrachloroethene (PCE) or electron donor utilization have not been extensively studied. Our objective is to determine the kinetics of substrate utilization by anaerobic PCE-utilizing halorespiring bacteria that have previously been characterized. Using a novel continuously fed bioreactor that uses Tenax as a feed-source of PCE, and manipulating the electron donor (acetate) addition rate using a syringe pump allows for complete control of substrate concentrations. Growth rates are monitored by using 14C-acetate incorporation into biomass. Initial kinetic parameters have been tabulated using Desulfuromonas str. BB1 and will be integrated into a bioremediation predictive model.

Mercury Vapor Removal from Simulated Flue Gases with Illinois Coal-derived Activated Carbon
M. Rostam-Abadi,* S. G. Chen,* M. J. Rood,* H. C. Hsi
Electric Power Research Institute; Illinois Clean Coal Institute

There is a concern that mercury emissions into the ambient environment from select types of combustion processes may cause health effects. This project is developing methods to produce new materials to separate and remove mercury from flue gas streams generated during the combustion of coal. Select low-cost materials are processed and then characterized with respect to their chemical and physical properties before they are used to remove mercury from flue gas streams. Bench-scale testing and pilot-scale testing of these new materials are important components of this research.

Methylene Chloride Capture and Recovery during Turbine Blade Preparation
M. J. Rood,* P. Sullivan, D. Ramirez
AFRL/MLQE Directorate

Environmentally benign coatings for aircraft turbines require specialized surface preparation for proper adherence of the coatings to the turbines. Specialized coatings can be sensitive to the methods used to prepare the turbine's surfaces, driving the use of chlorine containing volatile organic compounds. Complete capture and recovery of these compounds need to occur for the preparation of the turbine parts to be begin. This research project evaluates the effectiveness of novel adsorbents to capture and recover methylene chloride from gas streams.

Microbial Characterization for the Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Study Required for Herbicide Registration
J. J. Crawford,* L. Raskin,* F. W. Simmons
Waste Management Research Center

Anaerobic herbicide fate is important to cropping practices and herbicide use in soils. The Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Study, EPA Protocol N-162-3, is the sole evaluation of anaerobic herbicide fate required for herbicide registration. This study is not representative of environmental conditions; therefore, results do not represent herbicide behavior in anaerobic soils. This research involves characterization of microbial communities in flooded anaerobic soils using molecular biology techniques in herbicide treated and untreated soil microcosms. The EPA protocol is compared with two alternative protocols in order to put forth a protocol that more accurately represents flooded soil conditions.

Microbial Removal and Integrity Monitoring of High-Pressure Membranes Used for Water Treatment
B. J. Marinas,* C. L. Acker, C. K. Colvin, J. R. Elarde
CH2M Hill; American Water Works Association Research Foundation; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

The main objective of this project is the bench-scale development of a method for assessing the presence and size distribution of membrane pinholes and other imperfections in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane systems. Membrane imperfections of interest are those that permit the passage of a small fraction of viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens without resulting in measureable changes in product water conductivity or total dissolved solids concentration. It is anticipated that the final method for characterizing membrane imperfection size distribution will include the use of fluorescent-dyed polystyrene microspheres of various sizes as nonbiological surrogate indicators of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa cysts/oocysts.

Mid-Latitude Continental Site
M. J. Rood,* P. Kus, K. Winter
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, COM NA76GP0293

Concerns about ambient aerosol particles effecting global warming need to be resolved in order to develop a better understanding about atmospheric changes over time periods of years to decades. Real-time in situ measurements of the ambient aerosol scattering coefficient and its dependence on wavelength of light, particle size, and composition have been occuring about 15 km southwest of Champaign, Ill. This site is ideal because it is representative of the region and it experiences air masses from a wide range of sources. This research will provide data for global-scale numerical models that predict the influence of global change by atmospheric aerosol particles.

Molecular Probe Technology for Studying Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems
L. Raskin,* V. L. Snoeyink, B. J. Marinas, S. Meintser, N. Dunahee
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CR-826461010

Biofilms are complex structures of microorganisms immobilized on a surface and embedded in an extracellular organic polymer matrix. Pathogens may grow or may be entrapped in biofilms that develop in drinking water distribution systems. Molecular techniques are being developed to detect and assess the viability of pathogens and indicator organisms in water samples from distribution systems. In addition, molecular techniques are being developed to visualize these microbes in biofilms and to study the microbial populations that constitute the biofilm. Pipes taken from existing distribution systems are being used to build laboratory-scale systems that simulate distribution systems.

Molecular Probes for Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Process Evaluation
L. Raskin,* D. Zheng
U of I Center for Advanced Study; Campus Critical Research Initiatives Program

The research will focus on anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in which the formation and stability of 'granules' or conglomerates of microorganisms is critical for good performance. Methods for studying granule formation and stability will be developed by combining physical methods that determine granule hydrophobicity and liquid surface tension with ribosomal RNA-based identification and quantification techniques. In addition, operating strategies that reduce start-up time and improve per-formance will be evaluated in laboratory-scale anaerobic bioreactors.

Molecular Weight Separation and HPLC/MS/MS Characterization of Previously Unidentified Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products
R. A. Minear,* S. Barrett,* X. Zhang
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R826834-01

A study is proposed in which new approaches are to be developed for better characterizing disinfection by-product molecular weight profiles by using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. A prerequisite to making such procedures meaningful is the development of preseparation procedures that will simplify the mass spectral data. The MS/MS system has its own separation capabilities. The proposed work is directed at enhancing these capabilities for complex DBP mixtures with preselection by molecular weight separations using ultrafiltration membranes or size exclusion chromatography.

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Rejection by, and Fouling of, Nanofiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes-Bench-Scale and Pilot-Scale
M. M. Clark,* Y. Lee, Y. Wang, C. Combe, M. Kumar, K. Howe, K. Kim in collaboration with the University of Colorado
American Water Works Research Foundation

Experimentation and modeling are used to provide a comprehensive assessment of NOM and membrane interactions in water treatment. This will provide a basis for membrane selection to achieve maximum NOM rejection with minimal fouling. Our work will evaluate well-characterized nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes using well-characterized NOM under various water quality conditions. A bench-scale testing program will be performed to assess spiral wound membranes and hollow fiber membranes. A parallel pilot testing program will be undertaken to provide a comparison of bench-scale versus pilot-scale trends in NOM rejection and fouling. The data will be mathematically modeled to provide insights into mechanisms of NOM rejection and fouling.

Novel Characterization of Humic Substances and Their Role in the Behavior of Environmental Toxic Substances Using HPLC/MS/MS
R. A. Minear,* M. J. Plewa*
National Science Foundation, INT 97-26617

The underlying hypothesis of the overall proposed cooperative research effort is that NOM and humic substances as a subset affect the environmental toxicology of anthropogenic compounds though complex interactions that effect membrane transport and mechanisms of toxicological reactions. The three-year project involves a series of composite objectives. These overall objectives complement parallel work in the laboratories of Minear and Plewa. They also provide translation of capabilities in the University of Illinois laboratories to the researchers in Kyoto, Japan, while offering the principal investigators an opportunity to explore new research dimensions.

Passive Removal of Nitrate from Groundwater Using a Denitrification Enhanced Redox Transition Zone (DERTZ)
R. A. Sanford,* S. Shiffer
University of Illinois

The influence of agricultural chemicals on water quality is well established. For example, nitrate is often found in shallow aquifers. One method to remove nitrate from groundwater is to stimulate the denitrification activity in situ. The addition of a fermentable substrate into an aquifer has been used to stimulate denitrification. We propose to use an array of wells augmented with polymeric organic material, such as corncobs, to generate a denitrification wall in any aquifer. We are currently testing this DERTZ technology in the field. Its implementation will provide an effective means for reducing the impact of nitrate at low cost.

Powdered Activated Carbon in Floc Blanket Reactors Combined with Ultrafiltration
V. L. Snoeyink,* C. Campos, Q. Li, B. J. Marinas
Lyonnaise des Eaux-Suez, France

The objective of this research is to determine the efficiency of the floc blanket reactor (FBR)-PAC-ultrafiltration (UF) process for the removal of both natural organic matter and trace organic contaminants. Previous research has shown the effectiveness of the PAC-UF process. By recycling the PAC from the PAC-UF part of the process to the floc blanket reactor, we can reduce the dosage of carbon required to achieve a certain effluent concentration by 30% to 50%. The reason for the decreased dosage is the larger amount of organic matter that can be adsorbed in the FBR. A mathematical model of the process has been developed to predict performance for both TOC and trace compound removal. Future work will involve testing different surface waters and different carbons, and modification of the model to make it more robust.

Real-Time Effect Monitoring for Episodic Event Toxicity
E. E. Herricks,* H. H. Chu
University of Illinois

The objective of this research is the development of methods to perform in situ measurement and analysis of episodic event toxicity associated with stormwater flows. Specific objectives include: (1) the evaluation of the asiatic clam Corbicula sp., and other mussels and aquatic invertebrates common in Illinois, as test organisms in a commercially available monitoring system (MosselMonitor manufactured by Delta Consult, The Netherlands), (2) laboratory and field evaluations of response spectra of Corbicula and other organisms to changing environmental conditions and episodic exposure to contaminants, and (3) development of advanced methods of data analysis from continuous monitoring systems.

Remediation and Ecological Restoration of Polluted Wetlands
E. E. Herricks,* G. Roadcap,* R. Raman, M. B. Wentzel
U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office

The goal of this research is to develop and test methods of restoring wetland habitats using physical/chemical remediation processes and hydroperiod management to improve water quality and restore wetland plant communities. The physical/chemical remediation will focus on controlling the deposition of contaminated sediments, and hydroperiod management will be developed to improve water quality and sustain a healthy wetland ecosystem through vegetation management. As an element of the restoration activity, methods will be developed to assess restoration success based on both direct toxicity and ecosystem measures.

Removal and Recovery of Organic Vapor Emissions by Carbon Fiber Cloth Adsorber-Cryogenic Condenser
M. J. Rood,* P. D. Sullivan, M. Lordgooei, M. Onyszko
U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, DACA88-98-D-0005-01

Hazardous air pollutants need to be removed from gas streams before they are emitted to the ambient environment as a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. A new activated carbon fiber-cloth adsorber is under development for integration with a condenser to capture, concentrate, and then recover dilute hazardous air pollutants in gas streams for reuse. Laboratory experiments and economy indicate that select hazardous air pollutants can be removed from gas streams for reuse in a cost-effective manner.

Removal of Bromate and Perchlorate in Conventional Ozone/GAC Systems
V. L. Snoeyink,* L. Raskin,* S. Liang, M. J. Kirisits, J. Brown, J. Sanford-Chee
American Water Works Association Research Foundation

The objective of this project is to show how conventional ozone/GAC systems can be modified and operated to give good removal of microgram-per-liter concentrations of bromate and perchlorate. Removal by ion exchange, catalytic reduction, and biological reduction will be investigated. Biological reduction holds the most promise and will be investigated most thoroughly. After an extensive series of laboratory tests, a pilot-plant study of the process will be undertaken at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Research and Educational Advances in Optimal Groundwater Remediation Design
B. S. Minsker,* D. Goldberg, F. Saied, Y. Liu
National Science Foundation, BES 9734076 CAREER

An optimal control model for aerobic in situ bioremediation design has been developed, but the computational effort associated with solving the model prohibits solution of field-scale, heterogeneous problems. Multiscale optimization methods and a hybrid genetic algorithm are being developed to improve performance and capabilities of the model. The research will be integrated with education through development of graphical user interfaces, an educational game, and a new graduate course on coupled optimization and simulation modeling to teach students the complexities associated with developing and applying such models.

Restoration of Duck Creek, Juneau, Alaska, through Control of Iron Floc Associated with Urban Development
E. E. Herricks,* K.V. Koski
National Marine Fisheries Service

The proposed project will develop and evaluate BMPs for removing iron floc from streams. Iron floc is the major factor limiting the ecological quality in several streams in Juneau and other southeast Alaska locations. The floc is produced by oxidation of soluble iron in groundwater. Surface disturbance associated with development and urbanization modifies groundwater flow creating surface discharges that affect downstream habitat and water quality. This project will install and evaluate instream devices to remove iron floc to restore water quality and habitat for anadromous salmonids.

Role of Coagulation in Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Fouling and Flux Optimization
M. M. Clark,* K. Howe,* Y. Wang
American Water Works Association Research Foundation

This research seeks to understand the fundamental mechanisms involved in fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes by natural organic matter, and the role of metal ion coagulants in minimizing membrane fouling by natural waters. Batch coagulation experiments will be used to evaluate how coagulation affects the organic matter composition, cake layer formation, and membrane fouling. Techniques such as XAD resin fractionation, size exclusion chromatography, and pyrolysis GC-MS will be used to characterize organic matter, while field emission environmental SEM will be used to characterize cake layers formed on membrane surfaces during filtration.

Solution-based Hybridizations for Rapid Identification and Quantification of Anaerobic Microbial Assemblages
L. Raskin,* R. Gaskins, R. Mackie, M. Mau, K. Hristova, D. Zheng, R. Aminov
Campus Critical Research Initiatives Program

Current molecular microbial characterization methods are limited because they require immobilization of target nucleic acids on solid supports. This immobilization step precludes automation. This project will develop novel molecular methods that are based on the generation of a fluorescent signal in solution, eliminating the immobilization step required in current molecular techniques. First, we will focus on the development of solution-based hybridizations for qualification of anaerobic microbial populations. Then, we will evaluate the utility of this technology in separate biological reactor systems inoculated with samples from two distinct environments sharing microbial and metabolic features: anaerobic wastewater treatment systems and the mammalian digestive tract.

Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Porous Media Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
C. J. Werth,* A. Aragon, C. Knutson
National Science Foundation, BES 97-33428 CAREER

Accurate characterization of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution requires a mechanistic understanding of the complex factors affecting the NAPL-water interfacial area across which mass transfer occurs. Prior experimental techniques have not been able to resolve these factors, resulting in phenomenological mass transfer coefficients that are constrained by experimental conditions. The objectives of this project are: (1) to determine the effects of interstitial water velocity on the effective NAPL-water interfacial area, (2) to determine the effects of pore and NAPL characteristics on the effective NAPL-water interfacial area, and (3) to predict time-dependent NAPL dissolution in natural porous media.

Swine Waste Processing Using Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactors and Nutrient Recovery Systems
L. Raskin,* L. Angenent
Illinois Council on Food and Agriculture Research (C-FAR)

The anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) is a new biological process for the conversion of organic wastes to biogas. The technical feasibility of ASBRs to stabilize swine waste has been demonstrated at Iowa State University. This research will evaluate possibilities to further reduce capital and operating costs of ASBR systems and to create an alternative added value to the system. The research will focus on seeding ASBRs with different sludges to reduce start-up periods, recovering nutrients from ASBR effluent, and reusing ASBR effluent as flush water.

Taste and Odor Control of Chicago, Ill., Water Supply
V. L. Snoeyink,* T. E. T. Gillogly
Chicago (Illinois) Department of Water

The objective of this research is to determine the processes most suitable for taste and odor removal from Chicago's water supply and to determine the best way to optimize the operation of these processes. A dominant compound that causes odor in Chicago's water is MIB. The best ways to apply powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) at Chicago to remove this compound to below its threshold odor concentration of 5 ng/L are being studied.

The Role of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Climate Forcing
A. Dillner,* S. M. Larson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STAR Fellowship; University of Illinois

Carbonaceous aerosols (elemental and organic carbon) can act to either cool or warm the climate. This project addresses this issue by providing size segregated measurements of the absorption efficiency for laboratory generated and midwest ambient EC useful for regional positive forcing determinations. Organic carbon may be a large part of negative forcing. However, accurate determination of the forcing role of organics is limited because of uncertainties of identification, size distribution, refractive indices, and humidity growth. In this project, we will investigate these and provide an approach to estimating organic forcing.

Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Treatment of Xylene Vapor Emissions from Surface-coating Operations
B. J. Marinas,* K. K. Lew
U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, DACA88-98-Q-0188

The objective of this study is the development of a heterogeneous titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic process for the treatment of xylene vapor emissions from U.S. Army surface-coating operations. The scope of work is designed to assess the potential of the photocatalytic process for achieving xylene degradation efficiencies greater than 90% and completing the oxidation of the converted fraction of xylene vapor into carbon dioxide and water. More specific tasks include: (1) assessment and optimization of xylene degradation efficiency, (2) assessment and optimization of xylene mineralization, and (3) development of technology transfer recommendations.

Use of Activated Carbon for Chemical and Biological Reduction of Bromate
V. L. Snoeyink,* M. J. Kirisits
KIWA, The Netherlands

Bromate, BrO?3, is formed by reaction of ozone with bromide during water treatment and is not removed through conventional means. It is a suspected human carcinogin, so we are especially interested in removing it before drinking water distribution. Activated carbon processes show good potential for treating low concentrations of this compound by both chemical and biological means. This project is focused on development of the catalytic properties of activated carbon so that this compound can be removed by chemical means, as well as techniques to develop biofilms that will catalyze its reduction.

Use of Molecular Techniques to Evaluate Causes and Control of Foaming in Activated Sludge Systems
L. Raskin,* F. L. de los Reyes
National Science Foundation, BES 9733826

The formation of a viscous, stable foam layer on activated sludge aeration basin and final clarifier surfaces is a common problem for the activated sludge industry that has been linked to the presence of filamentous bacteria. This research will develop oligonucleotide probes targeting the ribosomal RNA of filamentous microorganisms, which can be used as diagnostic tools to evaluate foaming problems without the prior cultivation of bacteria. In addition, the research will test the performance of laboratory-scale activated sludge systems equipped with selectors. Population shifts of foam-causing microorganisms will be followed before, during, and after foaming episodes in these systems using ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and related to operating conditions and system performance.

Visualization of Colloidal Phenomena near Membrane Surfaces
M. M. Clark,* Y. Lee,* K. Kim
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Particle deposition on membrane surfaces is an important phenomenon during membrane fouling by colloids, and this project develops real-time methods for direct visualization of particle motions and cake layer formation during filtration. One type of visualization uses fluorescence microcopy to monitor particle concentrations and velocities in the concentration boundary layer. A second technique uses confocal microscopy to develop three-dimensional images of cake layers formed along membrane surfaces. These measurement will be supplemented with real time flux decline data, thus allowing correlation of operational parameters with particle deposition, cake structure, and fouling.

Vulnerability of Water Resources to Global Climate Change in the Agricultural Midwest
J. W. Eheart,* E. E. Herricks*
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

This project has determined the sensitivity and vulnerability of water resources to climate change using links among natural resources, economic, and regulatory indicators. The project uses changes in stream flow caused by climate change and the potential for increased off-stream use from irrigation and domestic water supply needs. An analysis shows that irrigation use affects stream flow when the mean precipitation drops to around 25% below the historical average potential. The impact of climate change on natural resources is being assessed using the analysis of fisheries community response to changing stream flows using both habitat modeling procedures and community vulnerability analysis.

Vulnerability of Water Resources to Global Climate Change in the Agricultural Midwest-Ecological, Economic, and Regulatory Aspects
J. W. Eheart,* E. E. Herricks*
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, R824-785

This research assesses vulnerability of linked ecological, economic, and regulatory systems to climate change in the central North American agricultural areas, using Illinois as an example. The ecological analysis focuses on streamflow, using habitat frequency analysis for fish and invertebrates. The economic analysis focuses on the effect of perceived future rainfall on streamflow through the acquisition and use of irrigation systems. The focus of the regulatory analysis is the responsiveness of water quality regulation to changing streamflow/dilution calculations that establish the base for permitting and ambient water quality maintenance. Linking these issues at the watershed level provides the foundation for the examination of policy to address vulnerability to competing demands on limited water resources.

Watershed Protection in Agricultural Environments-Integrated Social, Geomorphological, and Ecological Research to Support Ecosystem-based Stream Management
E. E. Herricks,* B. L. Rhoads,* D. L. Wilson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

This research advances the proposition that watershed protection, although dependent on science and engineering, is a process that is fundamentally social in nature. The research will focus on how new scientific and engineering knowledge affects how stakeholders value natural resources, specifically habitat and fisheries, and, in turn, how they approach stream management. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical perspectives in social theory with a scientific perspective based on geomorphology and ecology. Community-based watershed projects in the Embarras, Salt Fork, and Sangamon river basins will serve as case studies.